Biomass-derived porous carbonaceous materials and their composites as adsorbents for cationic and anionic dyes: A review

Currently used textile dyes are not highly toxic or carcinogenic, but the intense and persistent color of effluent is problematic. Of remediation processes investigated, adsorption process attractive, carbonaceous adsorbents (CAs) ideal for that purpose because their very high dye-binding capacity (DBC). In this review, potential biomass-based feedstocks to produce CAs application produced removal various types from have been compiled critically reviewed. The effect preparation conditions on surface area, porosity, pore volume, chemical characteristics has outlined discussed. DBC at optimum compiled, mechanisms, dye sorption isotherm models, stability adsorbents, regeneration methods analysis dye-adsorption data shows some derived biomasses composites considerably higher than commercially available activated carbon (AC) adsorbents. For example, a commercial AC (Filtrasorb-400) showed 400 mg/g C.I. Reactive Red 120 dye. Conversely, CS-DB adsorbent excellent anionic cationic Direct 28 Basic Green 4 dyes, 20317 12502 respectively. porous carbon/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel GO/zeolitic imidazolate framework composite exhibited as 13381.6 3300 volume functional groups deciding factors in achieving adsorption.